Mass shooters exploited gun laws, loopholes before carnage
Associated Press
March 25, 2021

The suspect in the shooting at a Boulder, Colorado,
supermarket was convicted of assaulting a high school classmate but
still got a gun. The man accused of opening fire on three massage
businesses in the Atlanta area bought his gun just hours before the
attack — no waiting required.
They are just the latest suspected U.S. mass shooters to obtain guns
because of limited firearms laws, background check lapses or law
enforcement’s failure to heed warnings of concerning behavior.
In the wake of the shootings, which together left 18 people dead, President Joe Biden renewed calls for stronger gun laws —
including banning assault weapons and expanding background checks. Many
Republicans oppose the measures and the National Rifle Association
blasted the discussions as a rush to “politicize this horrific
situation.”
A look at how suspects in recent mass shootings obtained guns, based
on police accounts, court documents and contemporaneous reporting:
Boulder, Colorado: March 22, 2021. 10 dead.
Ahmad Al Aliwi Alissa bought a Ruger AR-556 pistol, a semi-automatic
weapon with a 30-round capacity, on March 16, police said. Days earlier,
a judge struck down an ordinance that
banned assault rifles and high-capacity magazines in Boulder, citing a
state law prohibiting local gun bans. A lawsuit challenging Boulder’s
ordinances had the backing of the NRA, which said the ruling gave
“law-abiding gun owners something to celebrate.” Alissa was prone to sudden rage and
was convicted of misdemeanor assault and sentenced to probation for
attacking a high school classmate, law enforcement officials and former
associates said. It was not immediately known where Alissa purchased his
gun or whether that incident came up on a background check. Had he been
convicted of a felony, his purchase would’ve been barred under federal
law. Alissa is charged with 10 counts of murder.
Atlanta: March 16, 2021. 8 dead.
Robert Aaron Long purchased a 9 mm handgun just hours before going
on a shooting rampage at three massage businesses in the Atlanta area,
police said. A lawyer for the gun shop said it complies with federal
background check laws. Georgia, like the majority of states, has no
waiting period to obtain a gun. Long claimed to have a “sex addiction,”
police said and he spent time at an addiction recovery facility last
year. Federal law bans guns for people who are “unlawful users of or
addicted to a controlled substance” or who’ve been court-ordered to a
mental health or substance abuse treatment facility but doesn’t mention
treatment for other compulsions as a barrier to ownership. Long is
charged with eight counts of murder.
Midland, Texas. Aug. 31, 2019. 7 dead.
Seth Aaron Ator purchased an AR-style rifle through a private sale,
allowing him to evade a federal background check and fired it
indiscriminately from his car into passing vehicles and shopping plazas.
He also hijacked a mail truck, killing the driver. Ator had been
blocked from getting a gun in 2014 after his background check was
flagged because a court determined he was mentally ill, according to a
law enforcement official familiar with the matter. Private sales, which
account for up to 40 percent of all gun sales according to some
estimates, are not subject to a federal background check and private
sellers aren’t required to determine if a buyer is eligible to own a
gun. Ator was killed by police.
Dayton, Ohio: Aug. 4, 2019. 9 dead.
Connor Betts’ classmates said he was suspended in high school for
compiling a “hit list” and a “rape list,” but authorities said there
was nothing in his background that prevented him from purchasing the
AR-15-style pistol used in the shooting at Ned Peppers Bar. Ohio law
requires that sealed records of any juvenile crimes be expunged either
after five years or once the offender turns 23. Betts, who was 24 at the
time of the shooting, bought the gun online from a Texas dealer. It was
then shipped to a Dayton-area firearms dealer, in accordance with
federal law. Betts was killed by police.
El Paso, Texas: Aug. 3, 2019. 23 dead.
Patrick Crusius bought an AK-47-style rifle and
1,000 rounds of hollow-point ammunition online 45 days before the
Walmart attack, prosecutors said. A Crusius family lawyer said his mother raised concerns about the purchase in
a call to police on June 27. Police said she asked if Crusius, who was
21 at the time, was old enough to buy a gun. Police said she was assured
he was and that he’d qualify if he passed a background check. Police
said she expressed concern only about his safety and said she’d seen no
recent change in his behavior. Texas does not have the kind of “red flag
law” that in other states allows courts to take guns from people posing
immediate danger. Crusius posted a racist screed online just before the
attack and appeared to target Mexicans. He’s charged with capital
murder in Texas and federal hate crimes and firearms offenses.
Virginia Beach, Virginia: May 31, 2019. 12 dead.
Former Virginia Beach city employee DeWayne Craddock legally purchased six firearms in
the three years before he opened fire on a municipal building,
including the two .45-caliber pistols used in the attack. An independent
review of the shooting, commissioned by the City of Virginia Beach,
found that Craddock displayed no warning signs or “prohibited behaviors
associated with a pathway to violence,” and that he had no known history
of mental health treatment. Craddock was killed by police.
Thousand Oaks, California: Nov. 7, 2018. 12 dead.
Ian David Long, a former Marine machine gunner who served in
Afghanistan, used a legally purchased .45-caliber pistol with an
extended magazine in the shooting at the Borderline Bar & Grill.
California tried to outlaw high-capacity magazines, but a federal judge
reversed that after a pro-gun group sued. Months before the shooting,
sheriff’s deputies called to Long’s home found him acting irrationally,
but a mental health specialist didn’t feel he needed to be
involuntarily committed. California has a “red flag law,” but there’s no indication authorities sought a court order to take away Long’s guns. Long killed himself.
Pittsburgh: Oct. 27, 2018. 11 dead.
Robert Gregory Bowers had a carry license and legally owned the
Colt AR-15 SP1 and three Glock .357 handguns police said he used to
kill worshipers at Tree of Life synagogue. Bowers spent months posting angry rants against Jews on Gab,
a social media site favored by right-wing extremists. He also posted
photos of his “glock family.” Just before the attack, he posted a screed
against a Jewish organization that resettles refugees,
saying: “I can’t sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your
optics, I’m going in.” None of the rhetoric appeared to raise red
flags. His case is pending.
Santa Fe, Texas: May 18, 2018. 10 dead.
Dimitrios Pagourtzis, a 17-year-old student, used a shotgun and a .38-caliber handgun that his father purchased legally and
stored in a closet at their home, authorities said. It wasn’t clear if
his father knew he’d taken the guns. Prior to the attack, Pagourtzis
posted a photo on social media of a T-shirt with the phrase “Born to Kill” and
had writings indicating he planned to attack his high school. A judge
sent him to a mental health facility after ruling he was incompetent to
stand trial.
Parkland, Florida: Feb. 14, 2018. 17 dead.
Nikolas Cruz legally purchased a Smith & Wesson M&P
15 rifle in February 2017 from a licensed dealer a few miles from
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, authorities said. He’d been treated at a mental health clinic but
hadn’t been there in more than a year. Federal law prohibits gun
purchases if a court declares a person a “mental defective” or commits
them to an institution, but not if the person seeks treatment
voluntarily. Federal law allows people as young as 18 to buy semi-automatic weapons. Cruz was 19 at the time of the shooting. His trial has been delayed by the coronavirus pandemic.
Sutherland Springs, Texas: Nov. 5, 2017. 25 dead.
Devin Patrick Kelley’s history of domestic abuse barred
him from buying guns. He was able to because information about his
crimes was never entered into a federal database used for background
checks. The Air Force failed to follow rules requiring
that it inform the FBI about his conduct. Kelley purchased four guns,
including an AR-15-style rifle found at First Baptist Church, from
licensed Texas and Colorado dealers over a four-year span. Kelley killed
himself.
Las Vegas: Oct. 1, 2017. 58 dead.
Stephen Paddock purchased 33 of the 49 weapons found
in his hotel room and at his homes in the year before he opened fire on
a country music festival. Paddock passed all background checks. His
gradual accumulation of guns went undetected because federal law doesn’t
require licensed gun dealers to alert the government about rifle
purchases. Paddock killed himself.
Orlando, Florida: June 12, 2016. 49 dead.
Omar Mateen purchased an AR-15-style rifle,
a Sig Sauer MCX and a handgun from a licensed dealer on separate days
about a week before the Pulse nightclub attack. He passed a background
check and had a security license that allowed him to be armed while on
duty. The FBI investigated Mateen in
2013 and 2014 over co-workers’ concerns that he’d spoken about ties to
terror groups. Neither inquiry led to charges. Even if he’d been placed
on a terrorism watch list, Congress in 2015 rejected attempts to prevent
people on the list from purchasing guns. Mateen was killed by police.
San Bernardino, California: Dec. 2, 2015. 14 dead.
Syed Farook and his wife, Tashfeen Malik, used weapons the FBI said
his neighbor, Enrique Marquez, legally purchased from a licensed dealer
in 2011 and 2012. Marquez pleaded guilty to
charges he conspired to provide support to terrorists and made false
statements to acquire a firearm. He told investigators Farook asked him
to buy the weapons because he would draw less attention. Farook and
Malik were killed by police.
Roseburg, Oregon: Oct. 1, 2015. 10 dead.
Christopher Harper-Mercer and his family members legally
purchased the handguns and rifle used in the Umpqua Community College
shooting from a licensed dealer. Investigators found six guns at the
college and eight at an apartment. Neighbors said Harper-Mercer and his
mother went target shooting together. Harper-Mercer killed himself after
he was wounded by police.
Charleston, South Carolina: June 17, 2015. 9 dead.
A drug arrest should’ve prevented Dylann Roof from purchasing the pistol he used at Emanuel AME Church, but a record-keeping error and background check delay enabled
the transaction to go through. The FBI said a background check examiner
never saw the arrest report because the wrong arresting agency was
listed in state criminal history records. After three days, the gun
dealer was legally permitted to complete the transaction. He was
convicted and is on federal death row.
Washington, DC: Sept. 16, 2013. 12 dead.
Aaron Alexis, a former reservist turned civilian contractor, passed
background checks and legally purchased the shotgun used in the
Washington Navy Yard shooting despite recent mental health treatment
and a history of violent outbursts. He previously fired a gun in anger twice but wasn’t prosecuted in either case. Alexis was killed by police.
Newtown, Connecticut: Dec. 14, 2012. 26 dead.
Adam Lanza used his mother’s weapons,
including a .223-caliber semi-automatic rifle, in the massacre at Sandy
Hook Elementary School. Lanza’s mother, whom he fatally shot before
going to the school, also purchased the ammunition. Lanza killed
himself.
Aurora, Colorado: July 20, 2012. 12 dead.
James Holmes was receiving psychiatric treatment when
he passed required federal background checks and legally purchased the
weapons he used in his movie theater assault. As in the Parkland and
Navy Yard cases, treatment alone did not prevent him from buying guns.
He was convicted and sentenced to 12 life terms and thousands of years
in prison.